Structural Engineering & Statics
where the load goes
Concept

Capacity curve — where it appears

The plot of base shear against roof displacement produced by pushing a structure sideways with a fixed load pattern until it will not stand. It is the output a pushover analysis exists for, and its shape rather than its peak is what tells where the deformation went.

Named by 2 essays across one field — each of them below, with the objects they name alongside it.

Also named here as pushover — the same set of essays touches all of them, so they are one junction rather than several.

Where the demand crosses the capacity. Base shear against roof displacement for a eight-storey frame pushed with a triangular load pattern. It is elastic to 1994 kN, where the first storey reaches its shear capacity, and flattens as each of the others follows — 7 yield events in the order 3, 4, 2, 1, 5, 6, 7. The demand is a displacement rather than a force: the elastic spectrum at the building's own period of 0.93 s gives 173 mm, and the participation factor of 1.26 makes that 219 mm at roof level. Against an idealised yield of 70 mm that is a ductility demand of 3.10.

Pushed over until it will not stand

A structure in an earthquake is asked for a displacement rather than a force. A pushover answers a different question cheaply — how much base shear the frame has against how far its roof moves — and the whole art is in what happens when the two are laid over each other.

dynamics · Pushover Where the drift went. Storey drift at the target displacement, for the same frame with and without a soft ground storey at 50 per cent of the others' stiffness and strength. The regular frame spreads 219 mm over every storey; the soft one reaches 266 mm and puts 5.58 per cent of it into the ground storey against 0.53 next to it — a concentration of 5.9 against 1.7. The roof goes 22 per cent further, and where that extra displacement lands is the whole of the difference between the two buildings.

Weaker in one place, and better on every average

Take an eight-storey frame and make its ground storey half as stiff and half as strong. Its ductility demand falls, its first mode carries more of the mass, and its period lengthens into a gentler part of the spectrum. Three global numbers all improve, and the building is the one that collapses.

dynamics · Pushover

Named alongside it

The objects these essays reach for when they reach for this one.

PushoverBase shearCollapse mechanismDriftDuctilityDuctility demandEqual-displacementMechanismModal massModal participationMode shapeOverstrength

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